![]() ![]() ![]() Historical linguistics studies language change either diachronically (through a comparison of different time periods in the past and present) or in a synchronic manner (by observing developments between different variations that exist within the current linguistic stage of a language). Subfields of the discipline include language change and grammaticalisation. Despite a shift in focus in the twentieth century towards formalism and generative grammar, which studies the universal properties of language, historical research today still remains a significant field of linguistic inquiry. Historical linguistics emerged as one of the first few sub-disciplines in the field, and was most widely practiced during the late 19th century. Western trends in historical linguistics date back to roughly the late 18th century, when the discipline grew out of philology, the study of ancient texts and oral traditions. Historical linguistics is the study of how language changes in history, particularly with regard to a specific language or a group of languages. Major subdisciplines Historical linguistics Linguistics is also related to the philosophy of language, stylistics, rhetoric, semiotics, lexicography, and translation. Linguistics emerged from the non-scientific field of philology and the both are now variably described as related fields, subdisciplines, or the latter to have been superseded by linguistics altogether. Linguistic phenomena may be studied through a variety of perspectives: synchronically (by describing the shifts in a language at a certain specific point of time) or diachronically (ie, through the historical development of language over several periods of time), in monolinguals or in multilinguals, amongst children or amongst adults, in terms of how it is being learned or as in terms of how it was acquired, as abstract objects or as cognitive structures, through written texts or through oral elicitation, and finally through mechanical data collection or through practical fieldwork. Applied linguistics seeks to utilise the scientific findings of the study of language for practical purposes, such as developing methods of improving language education and literacy. Theoretical linguistics (including traditional descriptive linguistics) is concerned with understanding the universal and fundamental nature of language and developing a general theoretical framework for describing it. Linguistics encompasses many branches and subfields that span both theoretical and practical applications. Subdisciplines such as biolinguistics (the study of the biological variables and evolution of language) and psycholinguistics (the study of psychological factors in human language) bridge many of these divisions. Traditional areas of linguistic analysis correspond to syntax (rules governing the structure of sentences), semantics (meaning), morphology (structure of words), phonetics (speech sounds and equivalent gestures in sign languages), phonology (the abstract sound system of a particular language), and pragmatics (how social context contributes to meaning). Modern linguistics is considered to be an applied science as well as an academic field of general study within the humanities and social sciences. Before the 20th century, linguistics was not considered a scientific discipline. The modern study of linguistics is called a science because it entails the comprehensive, systematic, objective, and precise analysis of all aspects of language - cognitive, social, environmental, and biological, as well as structural. Linguistics is the scientific study of language. ![]()
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